Biology help???

i have this test and im panicking so help me with tese questions?





1.why are viruses not consider alive?





2. Antibiotic drugs ae most effective agains?


a.Bacteria


b.viuses


c.phatogens





3.when a virus takes over the machinery of a cell it forces the cell to manufacture?





4. in bacteria DNA is found?





5.what des a bacteria structure does not incluede?





6.What is a macrophage





SO WHO EVER ANSWERS THEM ALL CORRECT I WILL GIVE THEM 10 EXTRA POINTS

Biology help???
1.Because they cannot reproduce. They need a living cell to do that for them.





2.bacteria B





3. more Golgi bodies so that the cell will secrete the excess viruses





4.Bacteria cells don't have a membrane-bound nucleus. Their DNA is found in a nucleoid region





5.Bacteria are prokaryotic, meaning 'without nucleus'. The basic bacteria has a cell membrane, which holds in its cytoplasam and genetic material. The bacteria holds lots of ribosomes for creating proteins, which are ever so important in a living organism. Bacteria do not have a cell wall, this is plant cells (eukaryotic) only. Some bacteria have tiny hairs covering the body called silia aiding in movement. Other have a single hair, or maybe two, this is called a flagellum.





6.Phagocytosis


One important main role of macrophage is the removal of necrotic debris and dust in the case of the lungs. Removing dead cell material is important in chronic inflammation as the early stages of inflammation are dominated by neutrophil granulocytes, which are ingested by macrophages if they come of age (see CD-31 for a description of this process.)





The removal of dust and necrotic tissue is to a greater extent handled by fixed macrophages, which will stay at strategic locations such as the lungs, liver, neural tissue, bone, spleen and connective tissue, ingesting foreign materials such as dust and pathogens, calling upon wandering macrophages if needed.





When a macrophage ingests a pathogen, the pathogen becomes trapped in a food vacuole, which then fuses with a lysosome. Within the lysosome, enzymes and toxic oxygen compounds digest the invader. However, some bacteria, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis, have become resistant to these methods of digestion. Macrophages can digest more than 100 bacteria before they finally die due to their own digestive compounds.





Macrophages are involved in cell-mediated immunity along with NK cells and cytotoxic T cells.





After digesting a pathogen, a macrophage will present the antigen (a molecule, most often a protein found on the surface of the pathogen, used by the immune system for identification) of the pathogen to a corresponding helper T cell. The presentation is done by integrating it into the cell membrane and displaying it attached to a MHC class II molecule, indicating to other white blood cells that the macrophage is not a pathogen, despite having antigens on its surface.





Eventually the antigen presentation results in the production of antibodies that attach to the antigens of pathogens, making them easier for macrophages to adhere to with their cell membrane and phagocytize. In some cases, pathogens are very resistant to adhesion by the macrophages. Coating an antigen with antibodies could be compared to coating something with Velcro to make it stick to fuzzy surfaces.
Reply:1. they haven't got any of the characteristics of life, mainly they can only reproduce by hijacking another cell


2. Antibiotics are effective ONLY against bacteria. If c. is supposed to be "pathogens" then bacteria re pathogens


3. No. Only RNA


5. Nuclear membrane


6. A white blood cell.

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